For silicon-based anode lithium-ion batteries, electrode material design, binder optimization, functional electrolytes, and prelithiation can significantly improve the battery's Initial Coulombic Efficiency (ICE). Among these, prelithiation is widely accepted as the most effective and promising strategy.
Developing high-energy–density lithium-ion batteries is crucial to meet the increasingly demanding energy storage requirements. The initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) is directly related to the loading of the cathode in the full cell and is a key parameter for improving the energy density of the battery.
However, as an indispensable factor in the full cell, the ICE value profoundly determines the utilization rate of active materials and the total weight of assembled batteries, making it crucial for increasing the energy density of lithium-ion batteries , , .
Without prelithiation, the initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of the Si/C anode in half-cells is 85.37 %. Prelithiation via simple transfer printing increases the ICE of preSi/C anode batteries to 99.05 %. Prelithiated electrodes significantly improve the ICE and energy density of the full battery.
Prelithiation is considered one of the most effective methods to address the issue of active lithium loss and enhance the energy density of next-generation lithium-ion batteries. Stable lithium metal powder, as a prelithiation additive, has been widely produced due to its simplicity and direct applicability.
The performance of lithium-ion batteries has a direct impact on both the BESS and renewable energy sources since a reliable and efficient power system must always match power generation and load . However, battery’s performance can be affected by a variety of operating conditions , and its performance continuously degrades during usage.
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