The patents on photovoltaic cells are concentrated in the area of semiconductors for the conversion of solar radiation into electric energy, in the area of generators for the direct conversion of light energy into electric energy and in the area of solar panels adapted for roof structures.
2. The technological system of solar photovoltaics The PV technological system is a power system comprises a sequence of interconnected components that work together to convert sunlight energy into electricity, utilize the generated energy, store it, or invert it ( Fig. 1 ).
Photovoltaic technology has developed rapidly over the last thirty years. The main activities of photovoltaic patents began in the late 1950s and the main photovoltaic patent assignees at that time were involved in the space business , . Patent data has been widely used in technology assessment and forecasting , , , .
Photovoltaic cell patent registrations are a valuable data set in the analysis and diffusion of PV technology and R&D activities. The dynamics of PV R&D activity is considered high, documented in a large increase in PV patent documents .
The technical review of these patents has shown the global continuous efforts for improving PV technologies and addressing their technical challenges. Taken together, the results show that the PV technological system has been deeply connected with patenting activities since its emergence in the past century.
In the ninth position, with 151 patents, is First Solar, a US company one of the largest manufacturers of photovoltaic solar modules with production units in the United States, Malaysia, Germany and Pakistan.
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